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What is the process and ingredients used to day to make ice cream commercially?
(links would be fine for answers)
Thanks in advance!
Answer Before the development of modern refrigeration, ice cream was a luxury item reserved for special occasions. Making ice cream was quite laborious. Ice was cut from lakes and ponds during the winter and stored in large heaps, in holes in the ground, or in wood-frame ice houses, insulated by straw. Many farmers and plantation owners, including U.S. Presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, cut and stored ice in the winter for use in the summer. Frederic Tudor of Boston turned ice harvesting and shipping into big business, cutting ice in New England and shipping it around the world.
Ice cream was made by hand in a large bowl placed inside a tub filled with ice and salt. This was called the pot-freezer method. French confectioners refined the pot-freezer method, making ice cream in a sorbtierre (a covered pail with a handle attached to the lid). In the pot-freezer method, the temperature of the ingredients is reduced by the mixture of crushed ice and salt. The salt water is cooled by the ice, and the action of the salt on the ice causes it to (partially) melt, absorbing latent heat and bringing the mixture below the freezing point of pure water. The immersed container can also make better thermal contact with the salty water and ice mixture than it could with ice alone.
The hand-cranked churn, which also uses ice and salt for cooling, replaced the pot-freezer method. The exact origin of the hand-cranked freezer is unknown, but the first U.S. patent for one was #3254 issued to Nancy Johnson on September 9, 1843. The hand-cranked churn produced smoother ice cream than the pot freezer and did it quicker. Many inventors patented improvements on Johnson's design.
In Europe and early America, ice cream was made and sold by small businesses, mostly confectioners and caterers. Jacob Fussell of Baltimore, Maryland was the first to manufacture ice cream on a large scale. Fussell bought fresh dairy products from farmers in York County, Pennsylvania, and sold them in Baltimore. An unstable demand for his dairy products often left him with a surplus of cream, which he made into ice cream. He built his first ice cream factory in Seven Valleys, Pennsylvania, in 1851. Two years later, he moved his factory to Baltimore. Later, he opened factories in several other cities and taught the business to others, who operated their own plants. Mass production reduced the cost of ice cream and added to its popularity.
An electric ice cream maker
The development of industrial refrigeration by German engineer Carl von Linde during the 1870s eliminated the need to cut and store natural ice and when the continuous-process freezer was perfected in 1926, it allowed commercial mass production of ice cream and the birth of the modern ice cream industry.
The most common method for producing ice cream at home is to use an ice cream maker, in modern times generally an electrical device that churns the ice cream mixture while cooled inside a household freezer, or using a solution of pre-frozen salt and water, which gradually melts while the ice cream freezes. Some more expensive models have an inbuilt freezing element. A newer method of making home-made ice cream is to add liquid nitrogen to the mixture while stirring it using a spoon or spatula. Some ice cream recipes call for making a custard, folding in whipped cream, and immediately freezing the mixture.
Commercial delivery
A bicycle-based ice cream vendor in Indonesia
Ice cream can be mass-produced and thus is widely available in developed parts of the world. Ice cream can be purchased in large cartons (vats and squrounds) from supermarkets and grocery stores, in smaller quantities from ice cream shops, convenience stores, and milk bars, and in individual servings from small carts or vans at public events. In Turkey and Australia, ice cream is sometimes sold to beach-goers from small powerboats equipped with chest freezers. Some ice cream distributors sell ice cream products from traveling refrigerated vans or carts (commonly referred to in the US as "ice cream trucks"), sometimes equipped with speakers playing children's
music. Traditionally, ice cream vans in the United Kingdom make a music box noise rather than actual music.
what is the cost of living in new zealand compared to the u.s.?
BOB L
Answer
Kia Ora,
Here in NZ, the dollar is rising!
Not that long ago, a US dollar was worth about $1.50 NZ.
So keeping that in mind,
in comparison the cost of living is not that much different.
A liter of milk costs about $1.50;
a (plastic) bottle of soda (Coke or Pepsi) about $2.00;
wholemeal bread about $1.50 a loaf.
In turn, student flats can rent as low as $75/week.
My phone bill is about $55 a month (including broadband)
and the electric is around $45 month.
Some things are more expensive...
it's an island country in the far South Pacific.
Many things are imported in from Australia, Japan, and China.
Most clothes are moderately priced (no Wal Marts here)
but Levi 501's cost $125.00;
Hush Puppies shoes start at around $100;
and you'd be lucky to find New Balance or Nike shoes for less than $200.00.
Things you wouldn't think much about in the US are expensive--
a 2-pack of sticky notes cost me $12.00.
A coffee on campus is $3.40.
However, I can catch a bus to get home for just $1.80.
Cars, motorcycles, boats, and especially bicycles are more expensive.
Computers, CDs, DVDs, and other technology is comparable with the USA.
Overall, the prices probably even out...
the minimum wage is higher
and workers get four weeks vacation each year,
so that's a nice perk on top of everything.
Okay, so some of the things I pay more for here are trivial...
it's a small price to pay for living in paradise.
Hope that helps
:-)
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